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The dialog allows for pre-initialization of form fields, as well as an auto-connect mode that make the connection to happen automatically if all the data is in place. Please note that this dialog can be improved in several ways, and represents therefore a starting point for a more specific database connection dialog. Auto-Connect mode. Qt will take care automatically of the lifecycle for arguments passed across threads. SGNAL and SLOT all support both the versions with and without const & but it's faster at execution if you leave it out. So following your example: void newMessage(const MessageInfo& message).

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Unlike a console mode application, which is executed in a sequential manner, a GUI based application is event driven. Functions or methods are executed in response to user’s actions like clicking on a button, selecting an item from a collection or a mouse click etc., called events.

Widgets used to build the GUI interface act as the source of such events. Each PyQt widget, which is derived from QObject class, is designed to emit ‘signal’ in response to one or more events. The signal on its own does not perform any action. Instead, it is ‘connected’ to a ‘slot’. The slot can be any callable Python function.

In PyQt, connection between a signal and a slot can be achieved in different ways. Following are most commonly used techniques −

A more convenient way to call a slot_function, when a signal is emitted by a widget is as follows −

Suppose if a function is to be called when a button is clicked. Here, the clicked signal is to be connected to a callable function. It can be achieved in any of the following two techniques −

or

Example

In the following example, two QPushButton objects (b1 and b2) are added in QDialog window. We want to call functions b1_clicked() and b2_clicked() on clicking b1 and b2 respectively.

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When b1 is clicked, the clicked() signal is connected to b1_clicked() function

When b2 is clicked, the clicked() signal is connected to b2_clicked() function

Example

The above code produces the following output −

Output

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1. Inter-Process Communication

Inter-Process Communication

The QProcess class allows us to run external programs and to interact with them. The class works asynchronously, doing its work in the background so that the user interface remains responsive. QProcess emits signals to notify us when the external process has data or has finished.

We will review the code of a small application that provides a user interface for an external image conversion program. For this example, we rely on the ImageMagick convert program, which is freely available for all major platforms. Our user interface is shown in Figure 12.2.

Figure 12.2 The Image Converter application

The user interface was created in Qt Designer. The .ui file is with the examples that accompany this book. Here, we will focus on the subclass that is derived from the uic-generated Ui::ConvertDialog class, starting with the header:

The header follows the familiar pattern for subclasses of Qt Designer forms. One minor difference from some of the other examples we have seen is that here we have used private inheritance for the Ui::ConvertDialog class. This prevents access to the form's widgets from outside the form's functions. Thanks to Qt Designer's automatic connection mechanism (p. 28), the on_browseButton_clicked() slot is automatically connected to the Browse button's clicked() signal.

The setupUi() call creates and lays out all the form's widgets, and establishes the signal–slot connection for the on_browseButton_clicked() slot. We get a pointer to the button box's OK button and give it more suitable text. We also disable it, since initially there is no image to convert, and we connect it to the convertImage() slot. Then we connect the button box's rejected() signal (emitted by the Close button) to the dialog's reject() slot. After that, we connect three signals from the QProcess object to three private slots. Whenever the external process has data on its cerr, we will handle it in updateOutputTextEdit().

The Browse button's clicked() signal is automatically connected to the on_browseButton_clicked() slot by setupUi(). If the user has previously selected a file, we initialize the file dialog with that file's name; otherwise, we use the user's home directory.

When the user clicks the Convert button, we copy the source file's name and change the extension to match the target file format. We use the platform-specific directory separator ('/' or ', available as QDir::separator()) instead of hard-coding slashes because the file name will be visible to the user.

We then disable the Convert button to avoid the user accidentally launching multiple conversions, and we clear the text editor that we use to show status information.

To initiate the external process, we call QProcess::start() with the name of the program we want to run (convert) and any arguments it requires. In this case, we pass the -enhance and -monochrome flags if the user checked the appropriate options, followed by the source and target file names. The convert program infers the required conversion from the file extensions.

Whenever the external process writes to cerr, the updateOutputTextEdit() slot is called. We read the error text and add it to the QTextEdit's existing text.

When the process has finished, we let the user know the outcome and enable the Convert button.

If the process cannot be started, QProcess emits error() instead of finished(). We report any error and enable the Click button.

In this example, we have performed the file conversions asynchronously—that is, we have told QProcess to run the convert program and to return control to the application immediately. This keeps the user interface responsive while the processing occurs in the background. But in some situations we need the external process to complete before we can go any further in our application, and in such cases we need QProcess to operate synchronously.

One common example where synchronous behavior is desirable is for applications that support plain text editing using the user's preferred text editor. This is straightforward to implement using QProcess. For example, let's assume that we have the plain text in a QTextEdit, and we provide an Edit button that the user can click, connected to an edit() slot.

Qt Signal Slot Example

We use QTemporaryFile to create an empty file with a unique name. We don't specify any arguments to QTemporaryFile::open() since it conveniently defaults to opening in read-write mode. We write the contents of the text editor to the temporary file, and then we close the file because some text editors cannot work on already open files.

Qt Signal Slot

The QProcess::execute() static function runs an external process and blocks until the process has finished. The editor argument is a QString holding the name of an editor executable (e.g., 'gvim'). The options argument is a QStringList (containing one item, '-f', if we are using gvim).

After the user has closed the text editor, the process finishes and the execute() call returns. We then open the temporary file and read its contents into the QTextEdit. QTemporaryFile automatically deletes the temporary file when the object goes out of scope.

Signal–slot connections are not needed when QProcess is used synchronously. If finer control is required than provided by the static execute() function, we can use an alternative approach. This involves creating a QProcess object and calling start() on it, and then forcing it to block by calling QProcess::waitForStarted(), and if that is successful, calling QProcess::waitForFinished(). See the QProcess reference documentation for an example that uses this approach.

In this section, we used QProcess to give us access to preexisting functionality. Using applications that already exist can save development time and can insulate us from the details of issues that are of marginal interest to our main application's purpose. Another way to access preexisting functionality is to link against a library that provides it. But where no suitable library exists, wrapping a console application using QProcess can work well.

Another use of QProcess is to launch other GUI applications. However, if our aim is communication between applications rather than simply running one from another, we might be better off having them communicate directly, using Qt's networking classes or the ActiveQt extension on Windows. And if we want to launch the user's preferred web browser or email client, we can simply call QDesktopServices::openUrl().

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